A Journal Of Counseling Psychology - 1252 Words

During the last ten years, the number of Chinese students who study abroad has increased. They want more opportunities to improve their academic ability and self-care ability, so that they widen their knowledge and enrich their experiences. Proudly, there are indeed many exciting and enjoyable aspects for them to being international students. But the same challenges and changes that make student days potentially so life enhancing can also present opportunities for depression to intrude. Depression is the most common issue for which university counselors are consulted by students. According to Acculturative Stress, Perfectionism, Years in the United States, and Depression among Chinese International Students.† a journal of Counseling Psychology and edited by Wei, et al: Depression is often listed as one of the top presenting concerns among international students who seek help from university counseling centers. For this population, one of the vulnerability factors related to depression is acculturative stress. In general, acculturative stress is defined as a stress reaction in response to life events that are rooted in the experiences of acculturation, or psychosocial stressors resulting from unfamiliarity with new customs and social norms. For Chinese international students, the sources of acculturative stress often include academic pressures, economic stress, language difficulties, feelings of inferiority, and difficulties in adjusting to new food or cultural values, lackShow MoreRelatedPositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesincorpor ated along with other techniques and interventions within a group setting. Works Cited Acitelli, L. K. (1992). Gender differences in relationship awareness and marital satisfaction among young married couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 102-110. doi: 10.1177/0146167292181015 Amato, P., Bradshaw, R. (1985). An exploratory study of peoples reasons for delaying or avoiding help seeking. Australian Psychologist , 20, 21-31. doi:10.1080/0005005082557 Ansara, D.Read MoreUsing A Group Counseling Scale And Related Model For The Articles1049 Words   |  5 Pagesto me that is one of the classification when looking at categorizing the research; therefore each of this articles would qualify as qualitative. Improving the Use of a Group Counseling Scale and Related Model To Teach Theory and Skills Integration: Zimmick, Smaby and Maddux (2000); study tested the Skilled Group Counseling Training Model (SGCTM). 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Sometimes they become so familiar with each other that they get involve in sexual relationships, which isRead MoreThe Cultural Considerations Involved With Counseling The Lgbt Community1020 Words   |  5 Pages Counseling the LGBT Community Yvette Morales University of the Incarnate Word August 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore various considerations when counseling members of the lesbian, bisexual, gay and transgender community (LGBT). When counseling LGBT members, the psychology professional must be aware of various factors that may influence effective treatment. For instance, the historical treatment of the LGBT community by the mental health profession is importantRead MorePrayer in Counseling1044 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Clients’ Preferences Regarding Prayer as a Counseling Intervention Journal Article Review Liberty University April 19, 2012 Summary In Eriksen and Weld’s journal article, the writers contend that spirituality and prayer is being utilized more and more by mental health practitioners and counselors. The concept of prayer within the counseling session is something that was considered for a long time but the actual use of spirituality practices is more frequently being used todayRead MoreInternet Forum and Discussion Board Forums1224 Words   |  5 PagesCourse Syllabus COUN 506 Integration of Psychology and Theology Course Description Students critically examine the implications of a Christian worldview for counseling and marriage and family practice. 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Mental health and community counseling assess for personalRead MoreInfidelity and Confidentiality: A Dilema for Therapists Essays1399 Words   |  6 Pages Counseling couples who are attempting to overcome the betrayal of infidelity together pose a unique challenge to most therapists. In addition, a couple where one spouse admits to an affair to the therapist without their spouse’s knowledge can be equally distressing to said counselor. What are the ethical concerns regarding this scenario? In one case we are keeping our client’s confidences, building trust and following all ethical codes of confidentiality. In another case, weRead MoreHistory and Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Theory The viewpoints if Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have similarities and differences. Both have made significant contribution to the psychology field. The theories from Freud and Rogers are still used in modern psychology. 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Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances Free Essays

Exploring Adolescent Use of Anabolic Steroids Since the introduction of anabolic steroids, the main objective of using them has been widely abused. The use of these substances has steadily increased throughout the years. As popularity of anabolic steroids escalated, so has its demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the inception of anabolic steroids in the world of professional sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was positive. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for taking anabolic steroids, and so athletes, especially football players and weight-lifters, were trying to get that physical advantage over their competitors. Many professional baseball and football players of this most recent generation have used anabolic steroids. In football there was the great Lawrence Taylor, Bill Romanowski, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid scandal involved the great Barry Bonds, and numerous baseball prodigies who juiced up such as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. Not only have baseball and football players used anabolic steroids, but other types of athletes, such as power-lifters, as well. In track and field, Tim Montgomery was cited for doping. In recent years, female track and field athletes such as Marion Jones were busted for using anabolic steroids. With the accessibility of anabolic steroids increasing at an alarming rate, a person has to wonder what kind of effect anabolic steroids could have on adolescents? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst professional athletes, what kind of influence will it have on the adolescents? This research analysis essay will be exploring the physical and mental risks and consequences for adolescents using anabolic steroids as well as their motivation for doping. Steroids were originally developed to administer to hypogonadism in the 1930s (Volkow 1). Through experimenting, scientists discovered that the use of anabolic steroids could generate muscle growth. This discovery led to the abuse of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. Technological experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers to identify many types of anabolic steroids. In researching the effects of anabolic steroids, scientists also detected many side effects from using anabolic steroids, although much is still unknown regarding their long-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). There are two ways of taking anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In taking anabolic steroids with these two methods, an adolescent can severely damage the endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, the hepatic system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A major health defect of taking anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine sy stem is a gland system that is responsible for the discharge of hormones that assist in regulating certain bodily processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development. One of the important factors that the endocrine system controls is the mood of a person. The human body already secretes certain hormones into the body to keep bodily processes functioning the way they were supposed to. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is disrupting the natural production of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system only secretes a certain amount of hormones a day to prevent imbalance. If the endocrine system secretes too many hormones into the human body, there will be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to disease or abnormal development. Taking anabolic steroids can cause reversible changes, which include sperm count deduction, infertility of sperm, and testicle shrinkage (Volkow 4). In males, irreversible changes may occur by taking anabolic steroids such as feminization and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids may physically enhance a person’s appearance, the damage caused by anabolic steroids is something many adolescents are overlooking. The human body normally releases testosterone and other hormones that causes growth, and stops the release of hormones as well. However, taking anabolic steroids as an adolescent results in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of sex hormone levels that can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing (Volkow 4). Anabolic steroid use may cause more frequent tendon injuries due to â€Å"skeletal muscle adaptations taking place rather rapidly in comparison to connective tissue† (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid use causes severe acne based on research done by the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (Hoffman 184). Not only can steroids stunt your growth as an adolescent, it can cause severe damage to the circulatory and hepatic systems. The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body. Other responsibilities include the removal of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the risk of sustaining a heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (Volkow 4; Hoffman 184-185). According to Kusserow, physicians conducting a study/research involving former steroid users noticed â€Å"links, without consensus on degree, to cardiovascular disease† and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12). The clotting of blood in the blood vessels keeps blood from flowing to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can experience a stroke from having a blood flow disruption to the brain. Anabolic steroids elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the main factor in having a disruption to the body’s blood flow (Hoffman 185). The hepatic system is the liver. The liver’s main responsibility is detoxifying the human body. At this point in time, living without a liver is impossible. So, if the liver were to have a blood flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in potential death. Using anabolic steroids may â€Å"increase risk of liver tumors and liver damage† (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may occur from the rupture of a liver tumor (Volkow 5). Two of the most alarming consequences of taking anabolic steroids are the change in behavior/mood and how it affects a person’s mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, aggressive behavior and irritability; approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users experience this change in behavior (Hoffman 187). Tony Mandarich, once proclaimed to be the â€Å"greatest offensive lineman prospect ever,â€Å" said that his steroid use caused his aggression to skyrocket on and off the field. â€Å"The Incredible Bulk† punched an Ohio State player for no reason before the football game even started and told him he â€Å"was going to die today† (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use also affected his thinking. Mandarich’s past steroid use caused him to say things that he would never say were he not on steroids. â€Å"Some of the stuff I said, when I look back now, is just embarrassing,† says Tony Mandarich (Kozak). Although elevated aggressiveness may be beneficial for athletes, that is not the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioral changes, an anabolic steroid user is much more likely to fight with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the fact that the steroid user is most likely bigger in size and strength than their opponent. A person may experience a psychotic episode where the steroid user will be in a blind rage, thus disabling their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could injure many of his peers at school, possibly even kill them. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"a recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes† (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In females, masculinity may occur both physically and mentally with long-term use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as Andreas Krieger, her long-term anabolic steroid use caused her to become masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man. In an interview with former European women’s shot put champion, she was asked about her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. She said, â€Å"I felt much more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian† (Cnn. com). One of the many questions researchers ask is â€Å"why†? Many wonder what are the motivational factors in a person’s choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). Throughout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock-hard abs and bulging biceps. On television, an adolescent may see a commercial of a man who is extremely big and strong. 57% of adolescents participating in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sources of influence (Kusserow 8). Nowadays, society’s perception of the prototypical male is being big and strong. Due to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they must improve their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in today’s society peer approval is a must amongst most high school adolescents. Teenagers see their friends getting â€Å"jacked† by using anabolic steroids so they try and imitate those actions since it looks easy. With the correct training regimen, adolescents may accomplish their goals in getting big with great success. According to Richard P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they first started using anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). Due to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users â€Å"agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue using steroids (Kusserow 7). For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, strength, and athletic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an incredible 39 times while being able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When asked about his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,†You’re not supposed to be as strong as I am. You’re not supposed to be as fast as I am. You’re not supposed to be as good as I am† (Kozak). Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. Another motive adolescents have for using anabolic steroids is the pursuit for the improvement of athletic performance (Adolescent Steroid Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and training capacity (Kusserow 7). According to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by age 17 (Kusserow 5). Much of this thought process has to do with famous role model athletes. â€Å"Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start using† (Kusserow 8). An adolescent varsity football player trying to obtain a football scholarship from a prestigious NCAA Division I football powerhouse may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, using anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentially try and imitate the NFL player’s actions due to this belief. With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being limited and competition amongst football players across the United States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to achieve their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more positive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can help these adolescents get to a great school such as the University of Southern California or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are willing to risk. Another motive that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in improving athletic performance is the pressure they receive from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not care (Kusserow 7). â€Å"People may give a certain amount of slack to football players because there’s this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you need an edge,† says Todd Boyd (Klosterman). If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to generate interest from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to help support their parents financially. Nowadays, college tuition is skyrocketing. It costs approximately $22,000 annually to attend the University of New Hampshire for an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 extra if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so far and the ability to take out a loan has become increasingly hard in this economy. Assuming an 18 year old adolescent is out of state and going to be attending the University of New Hampshire for four years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in tuition that occurs after every school year and money for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescent’s parents may not be telling them directly to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be indirectly encouraging them to â€Å"juice upâ€Å" by placing tons of pressure on their kids. Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while conveying mixed messages of what are acceptable ways to achieve that goal (Kusserow 7). Adolescents may interpret those messages as, â€Å"It’s okay to use steroids as long as you succeed and do not get caught† or, â€Å"Do what must be done to achieve your goal†. If this is the universal belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents begin to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the same manner. Works Cited Adolescent Steroid Abuse. † Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Case Western Reserve University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess. â€Å"Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use: Are They Exaggerated? † Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. â€Å"Why We Look the Other Way. † E SPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. â€Å"Steroids Fueled Spectacular Rise and Fall. † ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. Athlete Says Sports Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. † CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Report Series. How to cite Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances, Essay examples Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances Free Essays Exploring Adolescent Use of Anabolic Steroids Since the introduction of anabolic steroids, the main objective of using them has been widely abused. The use of these substances has steadily increased throughout the years. As popularity of anabolic steroids escalated, so has its demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the inception of anabolic steroids in the world of professional sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was positive. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for taking anabolic steroids, and so athletes, especially football players and weight-lifters, were trying to get that physical advantage over their competitors. Many professional baseball and football players of this most recent generation have used anabolic steroids. In football there was the great Lawrence Taylor, Bill Romanowski, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid scandal involved the great Barry Bonds, and numerous baseball prodigies who juiced up such as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. Not only have baseball and football players used anabolic steroids, but other types of athletes, such as power-lifters, as well. In track and field, Tim Montgomery was cited for doping. In recent years, female track and field athletes such as Marion Jones were busted for using anabolic steroids. With the accessibility of anabolic steroids increasing at an alarming rate, a person has to wonder what kind of effect anabolic steroids could have on adolescents? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst professional athletes, what kind of influence will it have on the adolescents? This research analysis essay will be exploring the physical and mental risks and consequences for adolescents using anabolic steroids as well as their motivation for doping. Steroids were originally developed to administer to hypogonadism in the 1930s (Volkow 1). Through experimenting, scientists discovered that the use of anabolic steroids could generate muscle growth. This discovery led to the abuse of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. Technological experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers to identify many types of anabolic steroids. In researching the effects of anabolic steroids, scientists also detected many side effects from using anabolic steroids, although much is still unknown regarding their long-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). There are two ways of taking anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In taking anabolic steroids with these two methods, an adolescent can severely damage the endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, the hepatic system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A major health defect of taking anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine sy stem is a gland system that is responsible for the discharge of hormones that assist in regulating certain bodily processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development. One of the important factors that the endocrine system controls is the mood of a person. The human body already secretes certain hormones into the body to keep bodily processes functioning the way they were supposed to. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is disrupting the natural production of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system only secretes a certain amount of hormones a day to prevent imbalance. If the endocrine system secretes too many hormones into the human body, there will be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to disease or abnormal development. Taking anabolic steroids can cause reversible changes, which include sperm count deduction, infertility of sperm, and testicle shrinkage (Volkow 4). In males, irreversible changes may occur by taking anabolic steroids such as feminization and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids may physically enhance a person’s appearance, the damage caused by anabolic steroids is something many adolescents are overlooking. The human body normally releases testosterone and other hormones that causes growth, and stops the release of hormones as well. However, taking anabolic steroids as an adolescent results in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of sex hormone levels that can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing (Volkow 4). Anabolic steroid use may cause more frequent tendon injuries due to â€Å"skeletal muscle adaptations taking place rather rapidly in comparison to connective tissue† (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid use causes severe acne based on research done by the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (Hoffman 184). Not only can steroids stunt your growth as an adolescent, it can cause severe damage to the circulatory and hepatic systems. The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body. Other responsibilities include the removal of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the risk of sustaining a heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (Volkow 4; Hoffman 184-185). According to Kusserow, physicians conducting a study/research involving former steroid users noticed â€Å"links, without consensus on degree, to cardiovascular disease† and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12). The clotting of blood in the blood vessels keeps blood from flowing to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can experience a stroke from having a blood flow disruption to the brain. Anabolic steroids elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the main factor in having a disruption to the body’s blood flow (Hoffman 185). The hepatic system is the liver. The liver’s main responsibility is detoxifying the human body. At this point in time, living without a liver is impossible. So, if the liver were to have a blood flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in potential death. Using anabolic steroids may â€Å"increase risk of liver tumors and liver damage† (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may occur from the rupture of a liver tumor (Volkow 5). Two of the most alarming consequences of taking anabolic steroids are the change in behavior/mood and how it affects a person’s mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, aggressive behavior and irritability; approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users experience this change in behavior (Hoffman 187). Tony Mandarich, once proclaimed to be the â€Å"greatest offensive lineman prospect ever,â€Å" said that his steroid use caused his aggression to skyrocket on and off the field. â€Å"The Incredible Bulk† punched an Ohio State player for no reason before the football game even started and told him he â€Å"was going to die today† (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use also affected his thinking. Mandarich’s past steroid use caused him to say things that he would never say were he not on steroids. â€Å"Some of the stuff I said, when I look back now, is just embarrassing,† says Tony Mandarich (Kozak). Although elevated aggressiveness may be beneficial for athletes, that is not the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioral changes, an anabolic steroid user is much more likely to fight with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the fact that the steroid user is most likely bigger in size and strength than their opponent. A person may experience a psychotic episode where the steroid user will be in a blind rage, thus disabling their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could injure many of his peers at school, possibly even kill them. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"a recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes† (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In females, masculinity may occur both physically and mentally with long-term use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as Andreas Krieger, her long-term anabolic steroid use caused her to become masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man. In an interview with former European women’s shot put champion, she was asked about her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. She said, â€Å"I felt much more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian† (Cnn. com). One of the many questions researchers ask is â€Å"why†? Many wonder what are the motivational factors in a person’s choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). Throughout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock-hard abs and bulging biceps. On television, an adolescent may see a commercial of a man who is extremely big and strong. 57% of adolescents participating in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sources of influence (Kusserow 8). Nowadays, society’s perception of the prototypical male is being big and strong. Due to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they must improve their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in today’s society peer approval is a must amongst most high school adolescents. Teenagers see their friends getting â€Å"jacked† by using anabolic steroids so they try and imitate those actions since it looks easy. With the correct training regimen, adolescents may accomplish their goals in getting big with great success. According to Richard P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they first started using anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). Due to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users â€Å"agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue using steroids (Kusserow 7). For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, strength, and athletic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an incredible 39 times while being able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When asked about his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,†You’re not supposed to be as strong as I am. You’re not supposed to be as fast as I am. You’re not supposed to be as good as I am† (Kozak). Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. Another motive adolescents have for using anabolic steroids is the pursuit for the improvement of athletic performance (Adolescent Steroid Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and training capacity (Kusserow 7). According to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by age 17 (Kusserow 5). Much of this thought process has to do with famous role model athletes. â€Å"Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start using† (Kusserow 8). An adolescent varsity football player trying to obtain a football scholarship from a prestigious NCAA Division I football powerhouse may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, using anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentially try and imitate the NFL player’s actions due to this belief. With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being limited and competition amongst football players across the United States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to achieve their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more positive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can help these adolescents get to a great school such as the University of Southern California or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are willing to risk. Another motive that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in improving athletic performance is the pressure they receive from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not care (Kusserow 7). â€Å"People may give a certain amount of slack to football players because there’s this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you need an edge,† says Todd Boyd (Klosterman). If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to generate interest from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to help support their parents financially. Nowadays, college tuition is skyrocketing. It costs approximately $22,000 annually to attend the University of New Hampshire for an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 extra if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so far and the ability to take out a loan has become increasingly hard in this economy. Assuming an 18 year old adolescent is out of state and going to be attending the University of New Hampshire for four years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in tuition that occurs after every school year and money for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescent’s parents may not be telling them directly to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be indirectly encouraging them to â€Å"juice upâ€Å" by placing tons of pressure on their kids. Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while conveying mixed messages of what are acceptable ways to achieve that goal (Kusserow 7). Adolescents may interpret those messages as, â€Å"It’s okay to use steroids as long as you succeed and do not get caught† or, â€Å"Do what must be done to achieve your goal†. If this is the universal belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents begin to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the same manner. Works Cited Adolescent Steroid Abuse. † Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Case Western Reserve University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess. â€Å"Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use: Are They Exaggerated? † Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. â€Å"Why We Look the Other Way. † E SPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. â€Å"Steroids Fueled Spectacular Rise and Fall. † ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. Athlete Says Sports Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. † CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Report Series. How to cite Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances, Papers

Healthcare Techniques-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Changing Patient experience using Health Technologies. Answer: Introduction Technology has been quite influential in bearing with patient and Healthcare. With the changing needs of the patient, there are different kinds of health Technologies that has been circulated for betterment and transformation of Healthcare. It is estimated that by 2018, in the entire world the Healthcare organisations will be supporting the patients through wearables apps, virtual care and through remote monitoring (Drotz Poksinska, 2014). Hence, with the help of the mobile technology there has been different ways through which Healthcare has improved. This includes mobile app for virtual clinic visits. This further has the patient satisfaction of getting an update through the app and understanding the graph of the improvement of the patient (Istepanian, Laxminarayan Pattichis, 2014). Search Methods The search method that has been used in the present study includes analysis of present articles and information. Different websites have been analysed in accumulating the necessary information. The information includes collecting different kinds of technology that is used in the present day health care of the patients. Remote monitoring tools and health portal technology are different kinds of applications that are influential (Hung, Tsai Chuang, 2014). Discussion The different type of Healthcare techniques that is used in the present day world includes wireless communication, cell service kiosks. The most important of this includes microchips modeling and clinical trials, which helps in streamlining current health care services. This helps in understanding the specific needs of the human patients as microchip modeling replaces the use of animals in different kinds of clinical trials (Renedo, Marston, Spyridonidis, Barlow, 2015). The next important technique that is used as a wearable technology is Google Glass. This technology particularly help in receiving better understanding of administer care of body patients and the practitioners (Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart, Torrance, 2015). The next important method is 3D printed biological materials. This further includes embryonic stem cells to help in testing different kinds of drugs and to assist new organs and their growth. The printing skin helps in laser printed skin cells that are u sed to understand the developing of tissues and cells for patients who are having problems with burn. Another major health care technique is the optogenetics. The purpose of the optogenetics is to understand the different activities of the brain and to control the same with the help of light. A vital improvement in the area of Healthcare techniques includes digestable sensors. In this method, the salient information is transformed to the medical practitioners from the patient (Mauger, Marbella, Pines, Chopra, Black Aronson, 2014). One of the most important cares that has been started in the recent era includes the first artificial pancreas which is capable of supplying insulin automatically. This helps in having healthy sugar content in the body and gives the sustainable way of reducing blood sugar (Skinner Staiger, 2015). Apart from this Google has actually initiated Digital contact lens, which is capable of adding and analysing the glucose content of the blood through the tears of a patient (Skinner Staiger, 2015). Another area of Intelligence has been diagnosing sleep apnoea. This is a condition where the bleeding stops and might lead to severe hypertension brain attacks diabetes or heart disease. In this case, the Smartwatch that has been initiated by the company Neogia is a variable motio HW that detects and helps in analysing sleep apnoea through its artificial intelligence. The next important step that has been started includes chest strap, which is made of medical grade and wore to understand heart rate variability skin temperature ECG activity data and heart rate (Peiris, Usherwood, Panaretto, Harris, Hunt, Redfern, ... Patel, 2015). Heath and security go side by side. It can be opined that maintaining the privacy of patient information is the fundamental principle for the association existing between a physician and a patient in a hospital. Folland, Goodman Stano (2016), opines that maintaining security and privacy of information go side by side. With the growing utilization of automated technologies like processing of medical claims and e subscribing, the healthcare privacy has increased by a considerable extent. It can be also seen that there are several elements of security management plan (Pomey, Hihat, Khalifa, Lebel, Nron Dumez, 2015). Developing program related to the given information security management Developing and identifying written procedures and policies related to security Identifying various responsibilities and roles for the security personnel The aspects of health and security goes simultaneously. This can be further explained with the help of the following diagram:- Figure: Process of health and security (Source : Street, Gold Manning, 2013) It is the responsibility of the information technology manager to update the system and application on a regular basis coupled with the planning of business continuity (Ker, Wang, Hajli, Song Ker, 2014). There are different kinds of online courses for the practitioners to help the patient through technological advancements (McFadden, Lee, Gowen Sharp, 2014). The main section of assessing the health technology includes the following: The impact that is created on the lives of the patient The relief that could be given to them The impact that is seen in the public care services The impact easy accessibility of different organisation The application of plan methods to check the patients The use of electronic bulletins has is useful in analyzing the graphs of the patients. About 80% of the doctors around the world opine to the fact that technology has helped them to stay close to the minutes of the patients. (Source : Gui, Val, Wei, Dalce, 2015) Most of the medical organisation especially the hospitals are trying to reach the goal model that is the mission and the vision with long integrated activities. The points that could be considered under the same includes : Goal effectiveness- the stakeholders are keen in maintaining most of the complexity of the patients through medical monitoring. This is to ensure utmost profit of the organisation with thorough medical monitoring through technological mediums (Andrade, Pereira, Walter, Almeida, Loureiro, Compagna Kyberd, 2014). Productivity- this has ensured the productivity of the organisation through visual basics monitoring. Most of the patients are receiving quality care in case of emergency (Ward, Marsolo Froehle, 2014). Employee related factors- factors such as absenteeism, lack of care could be monitored through different technological machines like the CCTV camera. This helps in bringing the solace to the family members of the patients and the employees need to take care for their employability (Wager, Lee Glaser, 2017). Without much doubt, it can be stated that modern day medical technology is essential to the health of the people and enhanced quality of life. There are certain advantages that the modern technology brings to the table in matters of healthcare (Wilsdon, Fiz Haderi, 2014). For instance, the extensive implementation of the electronic health documentations has resulted in considerable savings in costs related to healthcare along with improving on the factor of patient safety and health. In more healthcare facilities, the files of the patients are being saved in databases that can be contacted from anywhere within the facility (Jones, Rudin, Perry Shekelle, 2014). Diagnostics have never been this easier along with being more precise too, especially for the advancements in vicinities like nuclear medicine. Under the present circumstances, various methods of imaging facilitates for the technicians and physicians for monitoring the anatomy of the patient without requiring enveloping of a process in forming a diagnosis (Raitoharju, 2014). The demand for the MRI technologists and radiologists has also augmented accordingly due to the brisk advances in imagining technology. Simple invasive surgeries, particularly within the regulations of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery are becoming a common factor in recent times (Fernandez, Pallis, 2014). Surgical instruments are getting better and with rapid development of technology, surgeons are being facilitated in performing the modus operandi in the smallest of invasive ways that was just a distant dream even a few years ago (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Knowledge these days is imparted trough the big data. This is one of the innovative measures that have been taken by the stakeholders in order to understand the quality that is given to the patients. In most of the cases it is observed that the process is still nascent (Patil, Seshadri, 2014). However, timelessness, complexity and diversity are analyzed to obtain the necessary insights. The analytical environment has given way to simulation techniques. The healthcare of the patients has been improved through strong vigilance and the approach of predictive modeling (Bhavnani, Narula Sengupta, 2016). Gaps The literature review conducted in the present study includes analyzing the information that is available online and in different articles. It has been found that different kinds of technology has been analysed. However, there are still loopholes in many parts of the world. In most of the tropical countries, the importance of technology in health care has not been given the required preference. It is important to conduct studies and carry research in most of the Asian, African and tropical countries (Dietz, Baur, Hall, Puhl, Taveras, Uauy Kopelman, 2015). Conclusion Technology does have the potential in improving the care; however, it is not without the risk factor. Technology has been stated as being part of both the problem and solution for secure health care with some observers warning on the preamble of yet-to-be slip-ups after the implementation of modern technology. For instance, several health care providers and nurses can be relying so heavily on the data generated from monitors that they tend to fail in detecting the potentially important delicate changes in clinical position. Despite of all these, it can be said that technological advancement are cost-effective and improves on the capability of medical professionals in diagnosing and treating the health related issues of all sorts. References Andrade, A. O., Pereira, A. A., Walter, S., Almeida, R., Loureiro, R., Compagna, D., Kyberd, P. J. (2014). Bridging the gap between robotic technology and health care.Biomedical Signal Processing and Control,10, 65-78. Bhavnani, S. P., Narula, J., Sengupta, P. P. (2016). Mobile technology and the digitization of healthcare.European heart journal,37(18), 1428-1438. Dietz, W. H., Baur, L. A., Hall, K., Puhl, R. M., Taveras, E. M., Uauy, R., Kopelman, P. (2015). Management of obesity: improvement of health-care training and systems for prevention and care.The Lancet,385(9986), 2521-2533. Drotz, E., Poksinska, B. (2014). Lean in healthcare from employees perspectives.Journal of health organization and management,28(2), 177-195. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Fernandez, F., Pallis, G. C. (2014, November). Opportunities and challenges of the Internet of Things for healthcare: Systems engineering perspective. InWireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare (Mobihealth), 2014 EAI 4th International Conference on(pp. 263-266). IEEE. Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., Stano, M. (2016).The Economics of Health and Health Care: Pearson International Edition. Routledge. Gui, L., Val, T., Wei, A., Dalce, R. (2015). Improvement of range-free localization technology by a novel DV-hop protocol in wireless sensor networks.Ad Hoc Networks,24, 55-73. Hung, S. Y., Tsai, J. C. A., Chuang, C. C. (2014). Investigating primary health care nurses' intention to use information technology: An empirical study in Taiwan.Decision Support Systems,57, 331-342. Istepanian, R., Laxminarayan, S., Pattichis, C. S. (2014).M-health. John Wiley Sons. Jones, S. S., Rudin, R. S., Perry, T., Shekelle, P. G. (2014). Health information technology: an updated systematic review with a focus on meaningful use.Annals of internal medicine,160(1), 48-54. Kellermann, A. L., Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology.Health affairs,32(1), 63-68. Ker, J. I., Wang, Y., Hajli, M. N., Song, J., Ker, C. W. (2014). Deploying lean in healthcare: Evaluating information technology effectiveness in US hospital pharmacies.International Journal of Information Management,34(4), 556-560. Mauger, B., Marbella, A., Pines, E., Chopra, R., Black, E. R., Aronson, N. (2014). Implementing quality improvement strategies to reduce healthcare-associated infections: A systematic review.American journal of infection control,42(10), S274-S283. McFadden, K. L., Lee, J. Y., Gowen III, C. R., Sharp, B. M. (2014). Linking quality improvement practices to knowledge management capabilities.The Quality Management Journal,21(1), 42. Patil, H. K., Seshadri, R. (2014, June). Big data security and privacy issues in healthcare. InBig Data (BigData Congress), 2014 IEEE International Congress on(pp. 762-765). IEEE. Peiris, D., Usherwood, T., Panaretto, K., Harris, M., Hunt, J., Redfern, J., ... Patel, B. (2015). Effect of a computer-guided, quality improvement program for cardiovascular disease risk management in primary health care.Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes,8(1), 87-95. Pomey, M. P., Hihat, H., Khalifa, M., Lebel, P., Nron, A., Dumez, V. (2015). Patient partnership in quality improvement of healthcare services: Patients inputs and challenges faced.Patient Experience Journal,2(1), 29-42. Raitoharju, R. (2014). Information technology acceptance in the Finnish social and healthcare sector: exploring the effects of cultural factors. Renedo, A., Marston, C. A., Spyridonidis, D., Barlow, J. (2015). Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare Quality Improvement: How organizations can help patients and professionals to collaborate.Public Management Review,17(1), 17-34. Skinner, J., Staiger, D. (2015). Technology diffusion and productivity growth in health care.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(5), 951-964. Street, R. L., Gold, W. R., Manning, T. R. (Eds.). (2013).Health promotion and interactive technology: Theoretical applications and future directions. Routledge. Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., Glaser, J. P. (2017).Health care information systems: a practical approach for health care management. John Wiley Sons. Ward, M. J., Marsolo, K. A., Froehle, C. M. (2014). Applications of business analytics in healthcare.Business horizons,57(5), 571-582. Wilsdon, T. I. M., Fiz, E., Haderi, A. (2014). A comparative analysis of the role and impact of health technology assessment: 2013.Washington DC: Charles River Associates.

Law and Equity free essay sample

Law and Equity Essay (a) Outline the development of common law and equity. There was no system of law in England and Wales before 1066, as it was mainly based on customs which were just rules of behaviour and the other used to be the decisions of judges. The law in England and Wales built over the centuries. There were various methods of creating laws which were called â€Å"sources of law†. However, in the 18th Century Parliament became more powerful which lead the Acts of Parliament (statues) to be the main sources of law today. Decisions made by the judges are also essential today as they interpreted Parliamentary law where there was no statue law. During the twentieth century statue law and judicial decisions continued to be the major sources of law but, in addition there were two new sources became increasingly important these were delegated legislation and European law. Delegated legislation is law made by a body other than Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Equity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parliament gives others the power to pass delegated legislation in a parent or enabling Act. Customs are rules of behaviour that develop in a community without being deliberately invented. There are two main types of Customs: Local Customs and General Customs. Local customs is when a person claims to have some sort of a local right as they believe that right has always been accepted locally and they are claiming the right is local custom. Judges developed tests to decide whether to uphold such customs. One of the tests were that `the custom must have existed since time immemorial`. It was very unusual for a new custom to be considered by the judges, but there have been some case such as Egerton v Harding (1974) the court decided that there was a customary duty to fence land against cattle staying from the common. It is believed that the General custom was effectively the basis of the common law. When the country was brought under the centralised As it was largely based on customs before 1066, Customs varied from place to place in the North the Dane Law was being put into operation, in the Midlands it was the Mercian Law and in the South/West part of the country Wessex law was being implemented. However, in 1066 William of Normandy took over the England throne and set up the Curia Regis (King’s Court). This court consisted of nobleman who acted as judges. A practice was started of sending judges around the country to hold assizes (or sittings) to hear cases locally. In 1154 when King Henry II came to the throne he divided the country into circuits which lead the tours of the judges to be more regular. The judges acted as a â€Å"sifting process† where they would return to West minister and discuss the various laws that have been operated around the country. This enabled the judges, over a period of roughly 200 years, to take the best local laws and apply them throughout the land. Thus, as a result of this in 1250 there was a law which was same all around the country and this is how `common law` was established. The principle of ‘stare decisis’ also came into place which meant ‘stand by the decision’ and forms the basis of precedent today. There were many problems with the common law. The problems were mainly relating to the writ system which was a document containing the details of a person’s claim. The first problem with the writ system was that it was too rigid; if it was filled out incorrectly it would be completely ignored. The other problem was that the nobleman limited the type of writs due to the Provisions of Oxford 1258, so that certain categories of claim existed. The last problem was that the only remedy that the courts could give was the damages. This was not appropriate as in some cases such as in land disputes where money could not compensate the loss of land. People were disappointed therefore they wrote to the king to complain. The king was known as the â€Å"The Fountain of Justice†. The king was overwhelmed by the complaints and passed it on the Chancellor who known as ‘The Keeper of the King’s Conscience’ as he was both a lawyer and a priest. The chancellor had a reputation of solving the cases fairly and based on justice. The chancellor dealt with so many claims that in 1474 he was given his own court named as Court of Chancery this is when a new law came into place named â€Å"equity† meaning fairness. Equity historically had been an important source and still plays a vital role with many of our legal concepts having developed from equitable principles. The word equity meaning â€Å"fairness† operates on its meaning when adding to our law. Equity and Common Law both systems functioned side by side and eventually a conflict developed between these two systems and in that equity would frequently overruled common law decisions and denied them. The problem was that the Common law courts would make an order in the favour of the other party whereas the Chancery court would make an order in the favour of the other party. This conflict was later solved in The Earl of Oxford’s Case 1615 when the king came to the decision that where there was conflict equity should prevail. However, once the equity became a body of law rather that arbitrary exercise of conscience, there was no reason that it needed its own court. Therefore, the two systems merged together by Judicature Acts 1873-75 which established that equity and common law could both be administered by all courts and provide the system we have today. Hence, common law advanced from customs and on the other hand equity established from the problems in common law and today both systems are delivered in all courts. (b) What has been the impact of modern equity on the common law? The Chancellor began to introduce new procedures and remedies. He formed subpoenas where he ordered the witnesses to attend the court. The chancellor also created new remedies of injunctions, rescission, rectification and specific performance. Injunction is an order to stop a person doing a particular act, like acting in breach of contract (a prohibitory injunction) or mandatory. For example, a landlord might bring an action against a tenant for waste, in which the right to protect the land-lords interest in the ownership of the premises is at issue. The landlord might apply to the court for an injunction against the tenants continuing harmful use of the property. The injunction is an ancillary remedy in the action against the tenant. Rescission allowed the parties to a contract where they can be in their original positions in the case of a contract induced by a falsification. Rectification allowed the contracted documents to be altered and specific performance orders the party to act as promised under the contract. All four remedies mentioned above are still widely used today. Injunctions can be used in issues of domestic violence or noise pollution whereas rescission, specific performance and rectification can all be used in the law of contract. Equity also created maxims which had to be satisfied before equitable rules could be applied. Maxims are sayings that express principles of equity. These maxims were designed to ensure that decisions were morally fair. A maxim which elaborates on how equity operates is â€Å"equity acts as a shield not as a sword†, this states that equity is used to protect not to punish people. The other maxim is that â€Å"he who comes to equity must come with clean hands†, this illustrates that whoever uses equitable remedy must have acted equitably them selves as well. This maxim was used in the case of DC Builders v Rees, in this case the couple were not allowed to rely on the equitable principle of â€Å"promissory estoppel† because they did not act fairly when did not pay back the builder what they owed him. One of the other maxims are `delay defeats equity`. This means that when a claimant takes unreasonably long time to bring an action which means that the equitable remedies will not be available. This maxim was applied in the case of Leaf v International Galleries where claimant realised after five years that the painting he bought was not genuine and he claimed the equitable remedy for rescission, but the court said that the delay had been too long. Equity is still very significant today. It is being used all over the country in the areas of mortgage and trust. The area of contract is still very much based on principles of equity. Trusts are originated entirely on equity where the trustee, who has interest in the property, should perform in the favour of the person with an `equitable interest` in the property. Equitable principles are still being developed such as the â€Å"promissory estoppel`, it is discussed in the DC Builders. Lord Denning developed this in The High Trees Case it stops the person to go back on a promise. The most recent development has been of `deserted wife’s equity` this was developed to overcome the problem of marriages when the martial home is on the husbands name only however now until any of the children’s reach the age of 16 the wife don’t have to leave the house. In conclusion equity came into place because of the problems in the common law and is believed to have brought fairness and justice where the common law was unsuccessful and it is said that â€Å"equity provides a gloss on common law†.