Saturday, May 23, 2020

Power Of The Fourth Estate How Does New Media Coverage...

Power of the Fourth Estate: How does new media coverage on polarized criminal justice cases influence case verdicts, public opinion and policy in the United States? The disbursement of accurate information is vital for the sustenance of a healthy democracy. It ensures that its citizens are equipped to make responsible, informed decisions pertaining to matters that affect their daily lives. In the United States, the media is referred to as the fourth estate or fourth branch of government (alongside the legislative, executive and judiciary branches). The media has been used as a conduit to broadcast local, state-level, federal-level and international government and social affairs. It may also be used to endorse campaigns, report misuses of†¦show more content†¦The cases chosen were: The Casey Anthony trial, the McCarthy hearings, Megan Kanka’s law, the Central Park Five case and lastly, the Watergate scandal. Each circumstance providing ample evidence of how the media’s role in each instance served a major factor for which altered or contributed to the case’s outcome. On July 15, 2008 in Orange County, Florida, Cindy Anthony, grandmother of two year old Caylee Marie Anthony called emergency services to report her grandchild as missing. Cindy explained to the 911 dispatcher that she had not seen Caylee in over 30 days. Cindy Anthony also explained to law enforcement officials that her daughter Casey Anthony (mother of Caylee) had given several different explanations as to the toddler’s whereabouts. Upon several interviews with law enforcement, Casey also told detectives that her daughter had been kidnapped by her nanny a month prior, before finally admitting that she had not seen her daughter Caylee in weeks.[1] On July 16th, 2008, Casey was arrested and charged with first-degree murder. The quest for missing Caylee continued as the media was now alerted by the unusual details of the pending trial. Casey Anthony was the target for extreme public inquiry and for her actions following the disappearance of her two year old daughter Caylee. Despite not knowing where her child was, Casey indulged in activities such as getting a tattoo, partying and drinking, all of which was

Monday, May 11, 2020

Sex Trafficking A Modern Day - 1360 Words

Praise Ohabor Social Change Paper SOCI 1013 November 18, 2015 In current day and age, sex trafficking is referred to as â€Å"modern-day† slavery, where sex is sold through the use of forcible behavior, and the victim is coerced by those running the deals. According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the term sex trafficking is defined as, â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age† (Sex Trafficking.) Sex trafficking is a huge epidemic that is spreading all over the country and is ranked the second highest revenue intake in the world, falling behind the movement of drugs (Shively.) This modern day slavery consists of those that are over 18 and minors committing sexual acts for some type of compensation. Those that are under 18 are seen as victim of sex trafficking because th ey are minors (Sex Trafficking.) The law sees that those who are under 18 are seen as the victims, whether they were coerced or not. The area of sex trafficking ranges from all ages and demographics. Men, women, and children can all fall victim to it. In this field of money, those that appear as vulnerable are the easiest targets because in most cases they are searching for someone or something to ease them of their misunderstanding.Show MoreRelatedModern Day Human Sex Trafficking1151 Words   |  5 PagesModern Day Human Sex Trafficking With the advances in technology society now mainly uses cellphones and the internet as means of communication; traffickers see this as an opportunity, by using technology as a tool to reach victims from all around the world, as well as buyers. However, as traffickers are adapting to the online market for trafficking, technology is also creating ways in which we can identify traffickers and victims. Sex trafficking has been around for centuries, howeverRead MoreSex Trafficking Is Modern Day Slavery1175 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is basically modern day slavery. It’s terrible, sex traffickers use violence, threats, and lies to compel and trick not only adults, but innocent children to get involved in commercial sex acts against their will. Not only that, but in different countries like Algeria and Cuba they are also dealing with sex trafficking but sometimes the children or adults are used and forced labor upon them. It’s sad and sickening. These sex traffickers take these people and children away from theirRead MoreSex Trafficking: Modern-day Slavery Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking according to the National Human Trafficking (2000) is defined as a modern-day form of slavery in which a commercial sex act in induced by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years. Sex traffi cking is mostly comprises of force, fraud and underage women or men to engaged in unwilling activities in order to get what they need in life. Most often people are brought to the United State specifically in search of job butRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1344 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent branches of human trafficking, but sex trafficking, a form of modern day slavery, has become more prevalent in the world today. Sex trafficking is defined as â€Å"The enslavement of unwilling people who are coerced into a condition for sexual exploitation† (Jefft 221). â€Å"It has been estimated by the U.S. State Department that between 700,000 and 2,000,000 people are trafficked each year worldwide, and 80% of them are being exploited as sexual slaves† (Territo 3). Sex trafficking is a common problemRead MoreSlavery : A African American Slave1518 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic, and racial factors that influence slavery, even in modern time. Of course, we know that slavery in the 1800’s was extremely racial in that only blacks were enslaved. However, looking at the statistics as we talk about slavery, it has become widely apparent to me that slavery is largely associated with specific races as well as economic status. In today’s world there are also other types of slavery, such as child trafficking, forced labor/debt bondage, criminal exploitation, ect. And eachRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another person to have sex against their will. (Sex Traffick ing in the U.S, 1)Read MoreSex And Sex Trafficking1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Poverty has on Sex Trafficking Suffering from poverty makes life unbearable at times and is hard to escape from. Most individuals that live in poverty are vulnerable and have little hope to improve their lives. Being vulnerable and having no hope for life can often leads to desperation. Sex trafficking and become a means of survival for these individuals. Low income is a major cause for sex trafficking. Sex trafficking can become a reason for a single mother to feed her children or canRead MoreSex Trafficking : An Important Social Issue That Affects Vulnerable People1482 Words   |  6 PagesLastName 1 Firstname Lastname Professor Maritato Introduction to Speech - Comm V01 Sex Trafficking General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, the audience should be able to explain what sex trafficking is and how it takes place domestically and abroad. Central Idea: Sex trafficking is an important social issue that affects vulnerable people. Introduction: When K. was 14 years old, she fell in love with her horseback riding instructor. She dreamed that they would be in loveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Trafficking1094 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem as time moves on. Sex trafficking is the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion [Internet Safety 101]. Sex trafficking is increasing due to the evolution of modern day social services and sources. From safety sources, it is the 2nd fastest growing criminal industry [Internet Safety 101]. More andRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The history of enslaving humans for the benefit of labor, sex, and financial gain runs deep and parallel to the existence of civilization. While a small portion of the history of slavery reflects a more humane and less brutal treatment of those in servitude, such as the Babylonian slaves of 18th century BC who were permitted to own land; contrastingly, most slavery practices historically have been established in a foundation of violence and control, such as the slaves of ancient Greece

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Parental Stress And Child Development - 1292 Words

Abstract There is an association between parental stress and a child’s competence and school readiness. The among of parental support during adolescence, as well as the among of stress in a child at an early age, will affect cognitive development, school readiness, behavioral problems, and lifestyle. The majority of the research regarding the topic of stress and child development used a longitudinal method. There is a significant correlation with parenting and child coping competence, school readiness, and lifestyle. However, it is very likely that parents are not the only ones who can play a role in child development. Teachers, caregivers, social influencers can also play a role in a child’s competence, school readiness, cognitive development, lifestyle, and behavior problems. The Relationship of Stress and Childhood Development Stress is the pressure or tension of the mind resulting from very demanding circumstances. Child development is the change that occurs biologically, psychologically and emotionally during birth and adolescence. Stress and child development are two crucial pieces of a child’s growth from when they are born, through adolescence, and into adulthood. This paper examines the risk of stress on cognitive development, school readiness, behavioral problems, and lifestyles of a child. Stress is well known to be a leading cause of death in America. Stress is linked to heart disease, cancer, and suicide. Child development is vital to our society, andShow MoreRelatedNon Parental Child Care966 Words   |  4 PagesNon Parental Child Care Non parental Child Care, and the Influences It has on Development Amara Washington SOC312 Nancy Russell July 9, 2012 Non Parental Child Care and the Influence it has on Development In today’s society more and more women are working outside of the homes and are not able to take care of the children on a full time bases. When the parents are unable to tend to their children, they have to seek help from an outside source. Years ago, it was natural for the motherRead MoreEssay on Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Children1750 Words   |  7 PagesHeather Swenson Mandy Jesser English Composition I 1 May 2013 Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Their Children As soon as birth, children are exposed to new things; new life experiences that will develop the path of which direction their life will take. Adolescence is the most important time in a child’s life because it is where they learn appropriate behavior from their family and the outside world. Some children are able to use these experiences to differentiate at an early age what isRead MoreThe Significance Of Child Development In Low Socioeconomic1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Child Development in Low Socioeconomic Communities Emma Kennedy Project #1 AIS 1203.027 University of Texas at San Antonio Introduction Poverty creates long term disadvantages for children. Many of these disadvantages include lower academic achievement, home environment stress, and relational issues between parent and child. In our world today, poverty is affecting more children developmentally. It has been accounted as of 2017, that 15 million childrenRead MoreComparing Behavior Problems of Normal Children and Children With Disabilities1845 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease parenting stress. Baker, Blacher and Olsson (2005) explored the relation of behavior problems to less-child-related domains of parent well-being (depression and marital adjustment), as well as the moderating effect of a personality trait, dispositional optimism, using three-year-old children over a years longitudinal study, classified as developmentally delayed, borderline, or non delayed. Mothers and fathers well-being and child behavior problems were assessed at child ages 3 and 4 yearsRead MoreChildren Of Chronicly Ill Parents Case Study1415 Word s   |  6 Pageshouseholds have more than one child and some have only the ill parent as the only caregiver. A chronic illness affects every member of the household and children are especially susceptible to development delays because of the particular needs of their ever-changing bodies, brains, and personalities. A child’s needs which may have been a significant priority has moved down the list to make room for care of the ill parent. While this is to be expected, the increased needs of the child must be addressed andRead MoreAmerican Psychological Association Defines Traumatic Event989 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical integrity of self or others†(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Childhood trauma is the experience of traumatic event or events which creates a substantial and long term damage to the mental and physical growth and development of a child(National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2013). National prevalence of childhood trauma indicates trauma is a f requent occurrence in which majority of Americas have witnessed or experienced a single or multiple traumatic events before adulthood. A 2013 studyRead MoreThe Importance Of Attigating The Psychology Development Of Children766 Words   |  4 Pagesinteresting topics involving the psychology development of children. An area that was particularly intriguing to me was the prenatal development and birth. As a nursing major with an interest in neonatal intensive care the subject of preterm babies was an area I wanted to explore more. Preterm babies are slower to initiate social interactions and as a result form less secure emotional ties. They can be fussier and are at greater risk for developmental delays and child abuse. Research has shown that interventionsRead MoreA Sense Of Autonomy And Self Control Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesin development. Within the first years of life, infants rely on their primary caretakers in order to meet their physical, emotional, social, and psychol ogical needs. As children grow older, they learn to meet their own needs by means of self-regulation. This means to self-regulate is fostered through the attachment cycle, a foundation for relationships that creates and provides a way to adjust and adapt to future experiences, building a sense of autonomy and self-efficacy within the child. TodayRead MoreParental Involvement And Academic Achievement1710 Words   |  7 Pages Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement: When does a child become affected by the lack of parental involvement in their lives? Some people may say when the child is older, and can fully understand what’s happening. Some even say that children know and feel the effect of the lack of parental involvement when they are as young as Kindergarteners. There are even some people who say that children will never feel the effects of the lack of parental involvement. I disagree with each statement listedRead MoreResearch Studies On Developmental Origins Of Health And Disease1504 Words   |  7 PagesEarly Adversity, Elevated Stress Physiology, Accelerated Sexual Maturation, and Poor Health in Females Purpose Recent research studies on developmental origins of health and disease involving adverse developmental experiences and environmental exposures early in life have shown to link adverse developmental experiences and environmental exposures early in life with stress physiology thus indicating a possibility of accelerated reproductive development and aging in females. It is predicted that cortisol

Psychology of the Crime Free Essays

Psychology of the Crime â€Å"Timothy McVeigh† The Oklahoma City Bombing was a very eye opening event in American history. Timothy McVeigh bombed the Federal building, resulting in 168 deaths and many more injuries. Timothy McVeigh meets the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder due to his lack of remorse and thinking of doing justice to the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of the Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American Heritage Dictionary defines Narcissistic Personality Disorder as a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s gratification, dominance, and ambition. We see all of these traits in Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh decided he would take his frustration out on others, out of anger, to give the country a â€Å"wake up call. † Sadly enough his anger was a devastating shock. McVeigh had a strong desire to get attention and seek admiration which helped him succeed in his attack. During his interview, McVeigh talked mainly about himself and how he achieved his goal and showed lack of interest in anything else. McVeigh had two partners, Fortie and Nichols, whom he met in the Army. They each played a significant role in carrying out his plan. With his self-importance, he felt like he had to be superior in all of his relationships, including the ones with Nichols and Fortie. He almost caused both of them to back out, but his controlling personality and the fear that they had of him kept them to carry out their part. With his fantasy about power and influence over the government, he carried out his plan successfully. McVeigh had the typical family a father, mother and two sisters. His mother and father always clashed and eventually got a divorce. He stayed with his father and his sisters went with his mother. He loved his grandfather, who played a constant role in McVeigh’s life. McVeigh got bullied while he was in high school, receiving the name â€Å"noodle McVeigh† which later led to his antisocial behavior. He failed to conform to the social norms of society. Antisocial behavior is defined as chronic antisocial behavioral patterns, such as a failure to conform to social or legal cods, a lack of anxiety and guilt, and irresponsible behaviors. McVeigh stated that the people he killed were just â€Å"collateral damage. † He felt no guilt for his actions or for manipulating his friends. In fact, he was quite proud of his ability to carry out his plan. In his interview, his lack of concern for those who were hurt by his behaviors was clearly shown. He showed no anxiety during his interview and was quite proud. McVeigh perceived his violations of rules and norms as acts preformed for the greater good. He felt like he was a prisoner in a country that wasn’t his and he never learned from his experience. Timothy McVeigh was angry with the government and acted upon the assumption that federal officers, who lead the raid in Waco Texas, executed seventy six people. He thought the government was becoming somewhat oppressive in certain ways. He felt that the government overstepped their boundaries and complained that government had too much control over people’s lives. McVeigh in the end got his wish and made sure he was remembered in history, which led to his execution on June 11, 2001. McVeigh’s case actions allow us to wonder if the next insane bomber or betrayer exists within our circle of friends, or in the next person who gets bullied just as McVeigh did. How to cite Psychology of the Crime, Essay examples

The Perspective Of Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay Example For Students

The Perspective Of Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay Multimodal conveyance ( besides referred to as combined conveyance ) is the transit of goods under a individual contract but performed with at least two different agencies of conveyance. I.e. the bearer ( in a legal sense ) is apt for the full passenger car even though it is performed with several different agencies of conveyance ( e.g. rail, sea and route ) . The bearer, nevertheless, does non hold to be in the ownership of all of the agencies of conveyance and in pattern normally is non. The passenger car is frequently performed by utilizing sub-carriers, in legal linguistic communication frequently referred to as existent bearers. The bearer that is responsible for the full passenger car is referred to as a multimodal conveyance operator ( MTO ) . The U.N. Multimodal Convention ( which has non entered into force and most likely neer will ) defines multimodal conveyance as follows: International multimodal conveyance means the passenger car of goods by at least two different mann ers of conveyance on the footing of a multimodal conveyance contract from a topographic point in one state at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal conveyance operator to a topographic point designated for bringing situated in a different state. In pattern cargo forwarders have become of import multimodal conveyance operators as they have moved off from their traditional function as mere agents for the transmitter and accepting a much wider liability as bearers. Besides big sea-carriers have evolved into multimodal conveyance operators as they provide their clients with alleged door-to-door services, i.e. the sea bearer offers conveyance from the transmitter s premises ( situated someplace inland ) all the manner to the receiving system s premises ( besides frequently situated someplace inlands ) alternatively of merely offering more traditional tackle-to-tackle services or pier-to-peer services. Multimodal conveyance operators that are non in the ownership of a sea vas ( even though the conveyance includes a sea-leg ) , are in common jurisprudence states, in the United States particularly, referred to as Non Vessel Operating Carriers ( NVOC ) . Historically multimodal conveyance developed in connexion with the so called con tainer revolution during the 1960s and 70s and today containerized conveyances are by far the most of import multimodal cargos. One must nevertheless ever bear in head that multimodal conveyance is non tantamount to container conveyance and multimodal conveyance is merely as executable without any signifier of containers. Pakistan s economic system is progressively complex, due in portion to Pakistan s progressively complex transit system. A wise investor in industrial land development, hence, will take full advantage of multimodal transit: H2O, air, route, and rail. Possibly the individual most advanced development in multimodal transit is the low lading container. The thought of transporting lading in standardised, stackable containers is non original ; it started back in the 1700s when points were shipped by crate. But over the last few decennaries, the transportation industry worldwide has embraced a 20-foot isotainer criterion, enabling containers to be packed at a mill, loaded onto ships or flatbed trucks or flatbed train autos or even cargo planes and so transferred off to any of these, all without droping the contents. Containers today carry about 90 % of the universe s lading and increasing. This is the first thing investor needs to see when looking at industrial land development: can investo r transport his natural goods or finished goods easy utilizing these standardized containers? This entails holding appropriate roads to transport semi trucks, easy entree to inveigh and H2O theodolite, and the capableness of lading onto as many different signifiers of transit as possible right at the mill. Today India is emerging as a universe power and its gaining market portion in each of the markets in the universe. In 90 s India started an ambitious plan aimed at the transit of its economic system towards a market driven export oriented system. Since so the economic growing of the state has been dramatic. The state s foreign trade is more than 500 million dozenss and it is expected to turn every twelvemonth at a rate of 12 % . This places on the substructure sectors important challenges because in order to prolong such a rapid growing, the proviso of seamless, cost effectual, to the full integrated multimodal conveyance system seems to be the lone executable possibility. These challenges are non merely limited to monolithic investing but include besides the acquisition of the cognition necessary to pull off and runing such systems. This will non be possible without the active engagement of the private sector. Furthermore for these developments to take topographic point a complete a lteration of the current pricing policies would be advisable in order to supply investors with sensible rates of return. Last but non the least a clear authorities policy vision should be clearly stated. Outline1 OBJECTIVES A ; RESEARCH QUESTIONS2 Scope3 Restriction4 Chapter # 025 2.1. LITRATURE REVIEW6 Manners of transit7 Chapter # 038 3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY9 Data Collection:10 Sample Size:11 Sampling Technique:12 3.2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE13 3.3. RESEARCH TIME LINE14 Mentions OBJECTIVES A ; RESEARCH QUESTIONS Survey to find the ; Benefits of constitution of lading small towns near port countries. Benefits of Gawadar port moving as a cardinal point for transit of goods from all over the universe to Central Asia, Western China and other yesteryear of the universe. Loss from the absence of Cool and Cold supply concatenation in Pakistan. Net incomes from bear downing menu per stat mi for utilizing Pakistani roads like in Europe ( 1a‚Â ¬ per stat mi ) . India s supply concatenation development and its outgo on promotion of its supply concatenation and its substructure with modern techniques from Budget. Scope The research conducted on multimodal transit system development in Pakistan will profit the organisations in inventing their supply concatenation harmonizing to the system proposed in this research. This research will besides place the key countries where Pakistan economic system is enduring from immense fiscal losingss due to several indexs highlighted in this research proposal. The research will besides analyse supply concatenation importance of Gawadar port. Furthermore, this research will add to the bing cognition and information on multimodal transit system with regard to provide concatenation direction. Restriction Following are the possible obstructions that can curtail and restrict this research in obtaining the purposes and aims. Hence, harmonizing to the bing state of affairss and scenario the possible restrictions of this research can be reflected as follows ; Bing in a military organisation research pupil may hold limited entree to several different countries in metropolis and will besides be restricted to go forth unit on different yearss due to security conditions in metropolis. Respondent s behaviour can besides divert, as they may non be willing for interviews. Data entree restrictions can besides originate due to presence to of deficient information. Respondents may non be willing to reply all inquiries of the inquirer. Material and information for cool and cold supply concatenation and lading small towns in Pakistan may non be available as secondary informations for research. Model like fiscal theoretical accounts may besides be non present for some parts of research. Respondents may non wish to foreground their name in research as mention ; this can impact the credibleness of research. Chapter # 02 2.1. LITRATURE REVIEW 2.1.1. Background The geographic location of Pakistan ( 30AÂ °00N 70AÂ °00E ) makes it a natural trade corridor, on its one side are energy, industry, agribusiness and engineering starved states and the other side energy, industry, agribusiness and engineering rich states. On one side are warm Waterss and on other side are landlocked states. Although India is doing a uninterrupted efforts to sabotage the significance of Pakistan by developing Chabahar Port ( 25AÂ °1728 N 60AÂ °3815 Tocopherol ) in Iran which is merely 72kms ( 44 stat mis ) from Pakistan s deep-water Gawadar port. Pakistan still offers the most efficient and cost effectual theodolite installations to Central Asiatic states, Afghanistan and China. In order to accomplish this nonsubjective Pakistan have to be focused on edifice Cargo small towns and all other lading installations near its ports for easy, effectual and less expensive handling and storing of all kinds of lading majority, break-bulk and containerized lading, majority liquid and grains and every bit good as cement handling installations. On other manus upgraded and modern railroads and route webs have to be constructed to minimise the theodolite clip. To construct a strong supply concatenation seaport and hike up its ain supply concatenation for exporting its goods to all parts of the universe expeditiously and efficaciously with fast theodolite clip Pakistan needs to concentrate on building of lading small towns near Pakistani ports ( viz. Gawadar port, Karachi port and Qasim port ) , develop a cool and cold supply concatenation system for conveyance of fresh fruits and veggies, make Gawadar port a port that merely non serve Pakistan but besides Western China, Afghanistan and Central Asian states better that any other port particularly Chabahar Port, Pakistan needs to see the stairss taken by Indian Government to hike up India s Supply Chain Development as India is our strong rival in this field and Pakistan needs to develop a proper menu system for its Motorways, main roads and other roads so those who ( whether Pakistani or alien ) usage Pakistani roads for transit of their goods pay proper menu to the Government of Pakistan which will add an excess penny to the hoarded wealth of Pakistan. Mental Health Refore: What It Would Really Take Essay2.1.5. CARGO VILLAGES Cargo small towns are those storage warehouses where lading is kept for storage in between their transit. The Karachi Port Trust plans to develop the western backwaters of the Karachi Port as a Cargo Village and Industrial Park. This determination has been based on a feasibleness survey including maestro program prepared for the proposed undertaking in 2004.A The western backwaters of the Karachi seaport cover a entire country of about 2,590 hectare or 6,400 estates. The Cargo Village and Industrial Park shall use 530 hectares, which means repossessing over 20 per centum of the entire country of the western backwaters. The Cargo Village and Industrial Park would be located in the northern portion of the western backwaters, west of Karachi Fish seaport and South of Machhar and Mohammadi Colony. Harmonizing to the KPT the location offers good attack to Lyari Expressway, ICI-Bridge and shall be connected to the hereafter Karachi Harbor Crossing from Keamari Groyne Deep Draft Container Port ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . Furthermore Karachi Port Trust besides plans to link these proposed lading small towns with railroad system of the Country ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . This action of KPT will rush up the lading transit system of Pakistan. For proper direction of lading small towns cool and cold storage installations are besides established within these ladings small towns for proper handling and storage of perishable points which are extremely affected by temperature fluctuations and environmental alterations like humidness and other factors. 2.1.6. Information ABOUT INDIAN SUPPLY CHAIN DEVELOPMENT Today India is emerging as most of import rival in about all the economic Fieldss for the market leaders in the universe. India s is seeking to set up a really strong route web for its supply concatenation development. Roadss are critical for the economic development and trade of a state, because roads help in smooth conveyance of goods from one topographic point to another. Today the entire length of roads has significantly increased from 3.99 lakh kilometer to as on 31-3-1951 to 41.10 hundred thousand kilometer as on 31-3-2008 ( Sensarama et al. , 2010 ) . The mission of Indian Department of route conveyance and main roads is Enabling INDIA to hold sustainable, efficient, safe and internationally comparable quality of route substructure in general and National Highways substructure in peculiar to accomplish enhanced, speedy connectivity, mobility to a degree which accelerates and does non in any manner constrain socio-economic development ( RFD, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Outcome Budget, Government of India ( 2010-2011 ) , the entire investing on the development of roads and main roads for improved supply concatenation in Indian Budget 2010-2011 is about Rs. 27,100.00 Crores. Similarly harmonizing to Statement of budget estimates-Plan ( 2010-2011 ) the program of budget estimations planned for Indian transportation industry is Rs. 6,494.15 Crores. All these budget estimates shows the sum of money Indian authorities is expected to pass on the development and betterment of their transportation, route and conveyance industry in order to develop an effectual and efficient supply concatenation within the state and outside the state. Chapter # 03 3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1.1. RESEARCH TYPE The province of current cognition about the nature and function of supply concatenation in development of multi modal transit system calls for acceptance of a specific research method, because the chief subject of my survey is to research the benefits and importance of multi modal transit system in supply of lading from one topographic point to another and creative activity of lading small towns for these lading at an appropriate location best available, plus the stairss taken by India in the development in their supply concatenation shall besides be focused, for such research instance explorative type research is one manner that suits in work outing and understanding such issues on which research is conducted. For this purpose qualitative research method best suits the survey as it shall cover all the countries of research and shall analyse all the issues. Qualitative research is a utile method when the constructs need to be explored for clear apprehension. The instance besides requ ires analysing the old literature and information available and primary research to roll up informations and detect it. Qualitative research includes an array of interpretive techniques which seek to depict, decode, translate, and other wise come to footings with the significance, the both non the frequence of certain more or less of course happening phenomena in the societal universe ( Cooper A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . Qualitative techniques are used at both the informations aggregation and informations analysis phases of a research undertaking. 3.1.2. RESEARCH APPROACH The research attack to be followed for this research shall be Deductive attack, because a deductive attack upon the subject shall be conducted and it shall get down with a wider skyline which shall farther be narrowed down to specific points and issues figured out. Descriptive survey shall besides be used because in descriptive survey detailed survey of everything is done and each point is defined in an appropriate mode. Descriptive survey is frequently used in concern research, because this attack is used for complex surveies, such as a complex transit system. This attack besides assists better apprehension of troubles and complexnesss of a concern phenomenon in order to implement a scheme ( Cooper A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . 3.1.3. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design constitutes the design for the aggregation, measuring and analysis of informations, furthermore it aids the research worker in the allotment of limited resources by presenting important picks in methodological analysis. Research design is the program and construction of probe so conceived as to obtain replies to research inquiries. The program is the overall strategy or plan of the research. It includes an lineation of what the research worker will make from composing hypotheses and their operational deductions to the concluding analysis of informations. It expresses both the construction of the research job, the frame work, organisation or constellation of the relationships among variables of a survey, and the program of probe used to obtain empirical grounds on those relationships. Data Collection: The primary informations shall be collected from Interviews and Surveys and the secondary informations will be collected through cyberspace, books, magazines, diaries and etc. Sample Size: In order to roll up information sing multi modal transit system research worker have decided to carry on about 13 interviews with experts from the field of multi modal transit system and supply concatenation direction. Sampling Technique: The sampling technique that will be followed will be utilizing snow ball sampling and focal point groups for interviews as random choice for interviews will non be appropriate, and for studies a systematic study shall be conducted for my research subject. Focus group is the coincident engagement of a little figure of research participants, who interact at the way of a moderator in explorative surveies ; normally last 90 proceedingss to 02 hours ; can be conducted in individual or via phone or videoconference ( Cooper A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . Snowball trying a non-probability sampling process in which subsequent participants are referred by current sample elements ; referrals may hold features, experiences, or attitudes similar to or different from those of the original sample elements ; normally used in qualitative methodological analysiss ( Cooper A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . Survey is a measurement procedure utilizing a extremely structured interview ; employs a measurement tool called a questionnaire measuring instrument, or interview agenda ( Cooper A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . 3.2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE The proposed survey required adept sentiment from the determination shapers of the field therefore it is really of import to carry on interviews to roll up qualitative informations. The measuring / analysis on the collected informations will be done utilizing the appropriate measuring technique. The interviews conducted will be structured and there will be about 15 inquiries asked. Time bound for these interviews will be about 20 proceedingss with each interviewee. Interviews are expected to be done with following experts of the field ; Rear Admiral Sayyid Khawar Ali SI ( M ) ( Commander Karachi, Pakistan Navy ) Mr. Babar Badat ( Vice President FIATA/Chairman, TIR Commission Pakistan ) Mr. Imran Shaikh ( Managing Director, DHL Global Forwarding Pakistan ) Mr. Moin Ahmed Malik ( Chairman, Pakistan International Freight Forwarders Association ) Mr. Hasan Leghari ( Country Operations Manager, DHL Pakistan ) Mr. Sohail Shams ( CEO, United Marine Agencies ) Mr. Sohail Yaqoob ( General Manager, PIA Cargo A ; Speedex ) Mr. Shahan ( Lecturer, Agriculture section, University of Karachi ) Mr. Tariq M. Rangoonwala ( Chairman, International Chamber of Commerce ) Mr. Javaid Mansoor ( Executive Secretary, National Trade A ; Transportation Facilitation Committee ) Mr. Mohammad Hanif Ajari ( Vice President, ICMAP ) Mr. Ahmed Haroon ( General Manager Commercial, Agility Logistics ) Mrs. Nasreen Haque ( Chairperson, Karachi Port Trust ) 3.3. RESEARCH TIME LINE Time required to finish my research shall be about 345 yearss depending upon the jurisprudence and order state of affairs in the metropolis ( for tabular array see Appendix 1 ) . Mentions

Friday, May 1, 2020

Public Schools Essay Example For Students

Public Schools Essay Michael BladesKeywordENG 501We are faced with a public arena of shallow optimism, of grandiose banality and vulgarity, ofsweeping machineries of surveillance, and of brutal structures of violence that tunnel through the fleshand marrow of everyday life (McLaren 9). With such a conception of public life at hand, and with generations of school bound children andadults ready to strap on their backpacks to be schooled, where do we find the public schoolsthemselves?If the schools are a great theater in which we play out conflicts in the culture (Cohenand Neufeld 86), what conflicts have arisen as a result of our public school system, and how areprofessional educators addressing these conflicts? This essay could have been titled Schools. However, in thinking about school and itsrelationship to education, it would be much too broad a subject to cover, even in a limited sense. Therefore, as school relates to our conception of education, it can be systematically split into twodistinct camps, public and private. The main difference between the two is apparent, or at leastsimplistically apparent. Everyone has the distinct notion that public school is a service provided andregulated by the state, and comes at an extremely low cost to the citizen of that state. The statecollects taxes, then disperses those funds back to the community for the regulation and creation ofschools. The school belongs to the community, and children attend the public school at no additionalcost to the family. Private schools, however, run on a much different principle. They are supportedby private funds and not open to the public at large. Students pay tuition to attend the school, andthe school is usually run around a central and private ideology. For example, the Catholic Churchoperates schools designed to educate children in accordance with Biblical educational ideals. Youwill not find a community elected school board dictating the policies of a private school. The onlyresponsibility private sch ools have to the community is in positioning themselves to make theireducation more attractive than the public alternative. However, as I hinted earlier, there is not such aclean split between public and private interest. Public schools carry the baggage of the term publicwhich is problematic and multi-dimensional. Before we can examine present day public schools and their relationship to the term public, abrief history of the origins of public schooling needs to be addressed. John Dewey, a central figurein educational theory, posits the rise of publicly funded education in early nineteenth centuryGermany. Following the work of philosophers Fichte and Hegel who elaborated the idea that thechief function of the state is educational (Dewey 96), the push for public education gainedmomentum. From this philosophical tradition that iterated the importance of an educated citizenryfor the progression of the industrial state, Germany was the first country to undertake a public,universal, and compulsory system of education (Dewey 96). German students educations werefunded from primary school through university, provided their intellectual abilities were capable ofsustaining promotion. Therefore, from its inception, public education has been used as a primarysocietal tool, a way for the government to educate its citizenry for future national progress. Immediately following the German models of public education, the rise of public education in theUnited States coincided with the rise of industrialization, urbanization, industrialization andimmigration in the latter-nineteenth century (Katz 103). However, some educational theorists claimthat, unlike Germany, public education was not instituted to promote societal progress. It wasinstituted to deter the negative forces of a changing country. With the rise in the population ofilliterate immigrants and urban poor came social ills not seen earlier in the century, namely crime andcultural dissonance. This cultural depravation w as blamed primarily on illiteracy. The popularassociation of illiteracy with crime, poverty, and immorality fueled public enthusiasm for a universalfree public education system (de Castel and Luke 162). However, what public were de Castel andLuke addressing? The enthusiastic public does not appear to be univocal with the public schoolattending public. One is addressing those with power to create the public schools, and the other isaddressing those without power to attend the public schools. Instantly, there is a power asymmetryassociated with the notion of public. Further, Michael Katz offers public education as agovernmental ploy to offer an alternative environment and a first-rate set of adult role models, acheap and superior substitute for the jail and the poorhouse (Katz 104). Schools were determinednecessary by the government to acculturate the new citizenry and to provide a place for the idlingmasses to keep their wicked and illiterate hands busy. Public education was modeled as acontrolling forcethe control of one public over another. The main concentration in early public schools was on habit forming, namely to form the habitsof alien, uncouth, and menacing Irish Catholics (Katz 104). Public education, Katz argues, hasbeen about improving poor people. However, by improvement, the country meant the opportunityto be molded by Protestant patriarchy (the powerful public), charity cases for the rich Anglo-Saxonsworried about the future of American ideals. Public school systems existed to shape behavior andattitudes, alleviate social and family problems, and to improve poor people and reinforce a socialstructure under stress (Katz 110). From their inception, American public schools were notestablished to serve an idealistic and humanist notion of education. Notice a missing goal among theoriginal purposes of public education: the cultivation and transmission of cognitive skills andintellectual abilities as ends in themselves(Katz 110). So we find ourselves i n the present with our public schools tied to a history of patriarchy andcultural assimilation, yet represent(ing) themselves as public spheres, consensual and democratic(Fine 186).In fact, some conservative educational theorists, E.D. Hirsch and William J. Bennett(the former Secretary of Education) for example, would applaud the history of cultural assimilation asa democratizing force. They would agree that the transmission of cultural capital and the teachingof dominant morality should be the primary function of public schools. There is a need indemocracy to teach children a shared body of knowledge (Hirsch 17). Witness also Bennettspublication of The Book of Virtues, a treasury of great moral stories for young people (cover). Has the nature of public schooling changed over the course of history? On the surface it wouldappear so. In contrast to the early years of public education when public often was equated withpauper (Katz 131), public now incorporates a wide range socio-econom ic strata. After all, publicschools exist not only in the poorest sections of the country, but the wealthiest as well. However,most progressive educators would still advocate that the system really has not changed much at all. Although public schools may be said to be public because in most states taxpayers subsidize them(Katz 189), there is still a strong distinction between where the poorest and wealthiest members ofsociety send their children. 96% of students in households with incomes of less than $7000 attendpublic school, and only 68.8% of students in households with incomes over $75000 are enrolled inpublic schools (Fine 189). This number indicates that despite the greater universalization of publicschooling, the wealthiest members of society are still choosing not to enroll their children in publicschools. We must ask the question why? As the history of public education indicates, public schools have been mostly interested in filling,maintaining, and determining the slots of society. Those that attend the public schools are not thecreators in public policy, as economics is the greatest determining agent of public policy, and publicschool attendees do not hold the economic capital. Wealthy families, the engine of capitalism, are thedeterminers of social policy and not the recipient of it. Therefore, education theorists SamuelBowles and Herbert Gintis see public education as a place not for the capitalist elite, but for themasses, for the gears of society. Writing in Schooling in Capitalist America, they share thisviewpoint. The American education system is subordinated to and reflective of the productionprocess and the structure of class relations in the United States. The public school is seen as aplace for social reproduction where the ideology of capitalism is served. There is no competingideology; it is ideologically centered to benefit the empowered public, not the powerless public. It isnot a place where students go to receive an open and liberal education. Arising out of the history ofpublic education as a place to culturally determine students, modern public schools are overtlydetermining. They are organized around power asymmetries and reproductive of social inequalities,they generate a series of fetishes that construct, justify and distract (Fine 186). Maxine Greenesuggests that we are all at fault for perpetuating this system, because of the ways we rate theeffectiveness of schooling. The schools must demonstrate their effectiveness (To society) byequipping students of all groups to meet current market demand (Greene 14). However, not only are the previous public distinctions perpetuated in public schools, there is amore insidious question. Michelle Fine wonders if public schools can really be considered publicwhen they are filled by private interests (187). By private interests, Fine is indicating the strong tiesour public schools have to business interests, and their complicity in fostering a pro-business,capitalist a genda. As public schools are rooted in this culturally determining history, there is thecontention that there is a considerable amount of overt pressure placed on public schools by privatebusinesses. It is so pervasive that Fine is willing to assert that private business interestssystematically influence public schools (187). Fine is suggesting that businesses use public schoolsas a means to determine a future work force. Jonathan Kozol further suggests that public schools goso far as to pander to business interests. They (public school administrators) are even willing toadjust their schools and their curricula to serve the corporate will (Kozol 82). Kozols book Savage Inequalities, makes a further case that public schools are not really publicat all. He notes the funding differences that appear as funds are allocated by states according toproperty tax collection. Therefore, schools residing in high-income area with high property vales willreceive greater funding for their schools. The difference is all too apparent when the averageexpenditures between Chicago North Shore schools and Chicagos inner city schools arecompared. The funding of the North Shore schools is nearly double the per student funding forChicago Schools (Kozol Appendix). What does this say about our notion of public? It is less afunction of national public, and more a function of a localized, homogeneous, and insular public. Ourconcept of public arises out of extremely local concerns, and we fund our schools accordingly. Further complicating the philosophy and position of public schooling are the movements to fundcharter schools, establish voucher programs, and operate schools on market principles. Charterschool issues are being debated in every state, with commercial concerns positioning themselves fora piece of public funds. Even private schools are competing for public funds by lobbying for schoolvouchers, seeking a portion of public funds under the auspices of school choice. How public ar ethese enterprises and should they be allowed access to public funds? The gap between the public and the private has become even more blurred as we move into aneven greater laissez-faire economic period, and we must begin to wonder what exactly constitutesthe public in public life. As public schools become increasingly determined by external fundingsources with political agenda (Witness the showing of the program Channel One to high schoolstudents, and notice its inclusion of commercial content. The schools that participated in thisprogram received technological rewards) and as neo-conservative educators such as MiltonFriedman advocate for schools to be run on market principles, we must continually re-evaluate ourdefinition of public schooling. Public schools should be communities grounded in trust, flowering bymeans of dialogue, kept alive in open spaces where freedom can find a place (Greene 134). Inother words, public schools must make themselves genuinely public, and not perpetu ate their historyas a mask for democracy and consensus. Works Cited Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis. Schooling in Capitalist America. New York: Basic Books, 1976. Cohen, David K. and Barbara Neufield. The Failure of High Schools and the Progress of Education. Daedalus. Alfred Stieglitz and Photography Essay 110: 86. De Castel, Suzanne and Allan Luke. Defining Literacy in North American Schools: Social and HistoricalConditions and Consequences. Perspectives on Literacy. 1988: 159-174. Dewey, John. Democracy and Education. New York: The Free Press, 1966. Fine, Michelle. Framing Dropouts: Notes on the Politics of an Urban Public High School. New York: StateUniversity of New York Press, 1991. Greene, Maxine. The Dialectic of Freedom. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988. Hirsch, E.D. The Schools We Need: And Why We Dont Have Them.New York: Doubleday, 1989. Katz, Michael. Improving Poor People. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Keppel, Francis. The Necessary Revolution in American Education.New York: Harper and Row, 1966. Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. McLaren, Peter. Critical Pedagogy: Constructing an Arch of Social Dreaming and a Doorway to Hope. Journalof Education. 173: 9-34.